AQA GCSE Geography · 3.2.2

An LIC or NEE case study: Nigeria

50 revision questions with answers for 3.2.2 An LIC or NEE case study: Nigeria in AQA GCSE Geography (spec 8035). Practise with flashcards, a topic quiz, a random quiz across the course, 5 crosswords, or read every question and answer below. Not official AQA material.

All 50 questions and answers

Question 1 · Spec 3.2.2
Case study: where is Nigeria?
Answer:
A country in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea, bordered by Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. The capital is Abuja and the largest city is Lagos.
Question 2 · Spec 3.2.2
What is Nigeria's importance in the region?
Answer:
It has about 220 million people, the largest population in Africa, and one of the continent's biggest economies. It is a leading member of ECOWAS and the African Union.
Question 3 · Spec 3.2.2
What is Nigeria's importance globally?
Answer:
It is a major oil producer and OPEC member, a large consumer market, home to Nollywood (one of the world's biggest film industries) and a growing technology sector.
Question 4 · Spec 3.2.2
What is the political context of Nigeria?
Answer:
It became independent from the UK in 1960 and had periods of military rule before returning to democracy in 1999. It is a federation of 36 states and the capital territory.
Question 5 · Spec 3.2.2
How have conflict and instability affected Nigeria?
Answer:
Boko Haram and other armed groups, mainly in the north-east, have killed and displaced many people. Unrest in the Niger Delta and rivalries also disrupt development.
Question 6 · Spec 3.2.2
How has corruption affected Nigeria's development?
Answer:
Oil revenue has often been lost or misused, which weakens public services and infrastructure and discourages investment.
Question 7 · Spec 3.2.2
Describe Nigeria's social and cultural context.
Answer:
There are over 250 ethnic groups (Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo), many languages with English as the official one, a mainly Muslim north and Christian south, and a very young population.
Question 8 · Spec 3.2.2
Describe Nigeria's cultural influence.
Answer:
Afrobeats music, Nollywood films, literature and sport give Nigeria global cultural reach and build a sense of national identity.
Question 9 · Spec 3.2.2
Why is Nigeria's young population significant?
Answer:
Over half of Nigerians are under 20, which gives a large workforce and domestic market but needs millions of jobs and school places.
Question 10 · Spec 3.2.2
Describe Nigeria's physical environment.
Answer:
Mangrove swamps and rainforest in the south, savanna in the middle belt and semi-arid Sahel in the north, with the Niger and Benue rivers meeting to form the Niger Delta.
Question 11 · Spec 3.2.2
What environmental pressures does northern Nigeria face?
Answer:
Desertification and drought are spreading, and Lake Chad has shrunk dramatically since the 1960s, harming farming and fishing.
Question 12 · Spec 3.2.2
Describe the balance between sectors in Nigeria's economy.
Answer:
Roughly half of output is from services, a quarter from industry (mostly oil and gas) and a quarter from agriculture, which still employs a large share of workers.
Question 13 · Spec 3.2.2
What part does agriculture play in Nigeria's economy?
Answer:
Crops such as cassava, yams, rice and cocoa feed the population and employ millions, but farming is often small-scale with low productivity.
Question 14 · Spec 3.2.2
What part do oil and gas play in Nigeria's economy?
Answer:
Oil was discovered at Oloibiri in 1956 and now provides most export earnings and a large share of government revenue, making the economy vulnerable to price changes.
Question 15 · Spec 3.2.2
How has Nigeria's industrial structure changed?
Answer:
From farming and later oil dominance, the economy has diversified into services such as telecoms, banking and film, and into manufacturing such as cement and food processing.
Question 16 · Spec 3.2.2
Give examples of manufacturing in Nigeria.
Answer:
Cement (Dangote), food and drink, textiles, soap and consumer goods from companies such as Unilever and Nestle, and a large oil refinery near Lagos.
Question 17 · Spec 3.2.2
How can manufacturing stimulate economic development?
Answer:
It creates jobs, adds value to raw materials, raises incomes and tax revenue, reduces imports and creates demand for local suppliers (the multiplier effect).
Question 18 · Spec 3.2.2
What problems limit manufacturing growth in Nigeria?
Answer:
Unreliable electricity, poor roads and ports, corruption, cheap imports and difficulties accessing finance.
Question 19 · Spec 3.2.2
What is a transnational corporation (TNC)?
Answer:
A company that operates in more than one country, often with its headquarters in a rich country. Examples in Nigeria include Shell, Unilever and Nestle.
Question 20 · Spec 3.2.2
What are the advantages of TNCs to a host country such as Nigeria?
Answer:
Jobs and wages, taxes and royalties, new technology and skills, infrastructure such as roads and power, and exports that earn foreign currency.
Question 21 · Spec 3.2.2
How do TNCs help Nigeria's economy in the long term?
Answer:
They train workers, buy supplies from local firms and encourage other investors, spreading skills and money through the economy.
Question 22 · Spec 3.2.2
What are the disadvantages of TNCs to a host country?
Answer:
Profits are sent abroad, workers may be badly paid and jobs lost if the firm moves, local firms struggle to compete, and the environment can be damaged.
Question 23 · Spec 3.2.2
How have oil TNCs affected the environment in the Niger Delta?
Answer:
Spills, pipeline leaks and gas flaring have polluted land and water, killed fish and damaged mangroves and farmland that local people depend on.
Question 24 · Spec 3.2.2
What is the situation in Ogoniland?
Answer:
Oil pollution from Shell and others devastated farming and fishing. Production stopped in 1993, and a 2011 United Nations study said clean-up could take 25 to 30 years.
Question 25 · Spec 3.2.2
Why have local communities in the Niger Delta protested against oil companies?
Answer:
They suffer pollution and poverty while oil profits go elsewhere. Protests, sabotage and conflict have disrupted oil output.
Question 26 · Spec 3.2.2
What does Nigeria export and import?
Answer:
Exports are mainly crude oil and gas plus cocoa and other agricultural goods. Imports include machinery, refined fuel, vehicles and food.
Question 27 · Spec 3.2.2
Who are Nigeria's main trading partners?
Answer:
Oil buyers in India, Europe (Spain, the Netherlands) and the USA, while China and other Asian countries are major sources of imports and investment.
Question 28 · Spec 3.2.2
How have Nigeria's political and trading relationships changed?
Answer:
From a close link with the UK as a colony, towards trade with India, China and Europe, and stronger links through ECOWAS, the African Union, OPEC and the Commonwealth.
Question 29 · Spec 3.2.2
Why is dependence on oil a risk for Nigeria?
Answer:
When world oil prices fall, export income and government revenue drop sharply, causing recession, currency problems and cuts to services, as in 2016.
Question 30 · Spec 3.2.2
What role does China play in Nigeria?
Answer:
It is a major trading partner and lender, financing railways, roads, ports and power projects, though some worry about debt and imports.
Question 31 · Spec 3.2.2
What are the types of international aid?
Answer:
Bilateral aid (government to government), multilateral aid (through bodies like the UN and World Bank), and voluntary aid (NGOs). It can be emergency or long-term, and tied or untied.
Question 32 · Spec 3.2.2
Which areas does aid support in Nigeria?
Answer:
Health (such as polio and malaria programmes), education, clean water, support for refugees in the north-east and economic reform, from donors including the UK, US and EU.
Question 33 · Spec 3.2.2
What are the positive impacts of aid in Nigeria?
Answer:
Vaccination campaigns helped to eradicate wild polio, more children go to school, clean water and health services are improved and emergencies are relieved.
Question 34 · Spec 3.2.2
What are the negative impacts of aid in Nigeria?
Answer:
Money can be lost to corruption, aid may create dependency, some of it is tied to the donor's interests, and it is small compared with Nigeria's needs.
Question 35 · Spec 3.2.2
What are the environmental impacts of Nigeria's economic development?
Answer:
Oil spills, gas flaring, deforestation, water and air pollution in cities, waste and desertification all damage ecosystems and health.
Question 36 · Spec 3.2.2
What is gas flaring and why is it harmful?
Answer:
Burning off unwanted natural gas at oil wells. It wastes energy, releases carbon dioxide and pollutants, and harms people's health and crops nearby.
Question 37 · Spec 3.2.2
What urban environmental problems occur in Nigeria?
Answer:
Air pollution from traffic and generators, uncollected waste and plastic, polluted water and flooding in cities such as Lagos.
Question 38 · Spec 3.2.2
How has deforestation affected Nigeria?
Answer:
Logging, farming and fuelwood collection have cleared much of the original forest, causing soil erosion, loss of biodiversity and flooding.
Question 39 · Spec 3.2.2
How has economic development affected incomes in Nigeria?
Answer:
GNI per head has risen since 2000 and a middle class has grown, but average income is still low (around US$2,000) and many remain in poverty.
Question 40 · Spec 3.2.2
How has economic development affected health in Nigeria?
Answer:
Life expectancy has risen but is still only about 55 years, infant mortality is high, and there are few doctors for the population, especially in rural areas.
Question 41 · Spec 3.2.2
How has economic development affected education in Nigeria?
Answer:
More children are in school and the literacy rate has increased, but literacy is lower in the north and for girls, and classes are often overcrowded.
Question 42 · Spec 3.2.2
How has economic development affected poverty and inequality in Nigeria?
Answer:
Around four in ten people live below the national poverty line. The south and cities, especially Lagos, are richer than the north.
Question 43 · Spec 3.2.2
How have mobile phones and services changed life in Nigeria?
Answer:
Rapid growth in mobile phones, banking apps and technology start-ups has created jobs and connected people, even in remote areas.
Question 44 · Spec 3.2.2
How reliable is infrastructure in Nigeria?
Answer:
Electricity supply is unreliable, so many homes and firms use generators. Roads, railways and ports are congested and need investment.
Question 45 · Spec 3.2.2
How do regional differences affect quality of life in Nigeria?
Answer:
The north-east suffers conflict and poverty, the Niger Delta has pollution, while the south-west including Lagos has more jobs, wealth and services.
Question 46 · Spec 3.2.2
Why is Nigeria classed as an NEE?
Answer:
It has a large and growing economy, rising incomes in cities, expanding manufacturing and services, and a growing middle class, although poverty and inequality remain.
Question 47 · Spec 3.2.2
What are the main challenges Nigeria faces to continue developing?
Answer:
Dependence on oil, corruption, insecurity, weak infrastructure, rapid population growth, inequality and environmental damage.
Question 48 · Spec 3.2.2
Evaluate the effects of economic development in Nigeria.
Answer:
Growth has brought jobs, investment, urban opportunities and better services for some, but also pollution, inequality, conflict and dependence on oil that still hold back many people.
Question 49 · Spec 3.2.2
How has Lagos contributed to Nigeria's development?
Answer:
As the main port and commercial centre, with banks, technology firms, media and manufacturing, it generates a large share of national economic activity.
Question 50 · Spec 3.2.2
Why are TNCs attracted to Nigeria?
Answer:
A very large and growing consumer market, valuable oil and gas, cheap labour, and government incentives such as tax breaks all make investment attractive.

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